The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system(CNS). Its functional and structural integrity is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment by controlling the passage of substances and regulating the trafficking of immune cellsbetween the blood and the brain. The BBB is primarily composed of highly specialized microvascular […]
Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent nonmotor feature of Parkinson’s disease and dysfunction can be found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system is clearly involved in Parkinson’s disease. Whether it is the initial source of pathology is still a source of controversy. There also is growing recognition of the role
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease Read More »
Our understanding of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system in patients with Parkinson’s disease has increased substantially in the past decade. The entire gastrointestinal tract is affected in these patients, causing complications that range from oral issues, including drooling and swallowing problems, to delays in gastric emptying and constipation. Additionally, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and Helicobacter
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Read More »
The human digestive tract is the cottage to trillions of live microorganisms, which regulate health and illness. A healthy GM is necessary for preventing microbial growth, body growth, obesity, cancer, diabetes, and enhancing immunity. The equilibrium in GM’s composition and the presence/absence of critical species enable specific responses to be essential for the host’s better
Iron plays essential roles in the early development of cognitive processes and in the maintenance of neuronal functions in the mature brain; therefore, neurons have expeditious mechanisms to ensure a readily available iron supply. However, several neurodegenerative diseases present dysregulation of iron homeostasis derived from mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory conditions, decreased glutathione levels, and oxidative damage,
Iron Neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s Disease Read More »
Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been associated with aging, reduced fine motor skills, and malnutrition caused by eating soft sticky foods and a decreased liquid intake, which may contribute to the onset of caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the oral health of 101 patients with PD (mean
Caries and periodontal disease in patients with Parkinson’s disease Read More »
Objective and background The objectives were to compare periodontal status between subjects with and without Parkinson’s disease (PKD) to determine the influence of PKD on periodontal disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of periodontal status with severity of PKD. Conclusion There is a need for dental care and encouragement to use plaque
Chronic diseases encompass a wide range of illnesses, ranging from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes to degenerative neurological disorders. Chronic diseases are responsible for most observed morbidity and mortality in the developed countries as well as in some developing countries. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been associated with the onset and development
Treating chronic diseases by regulating the gut microbiota Read More »
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS)
A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism Read More »
Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been found in many plants, such as Coptis chinensis Franch. and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. Although BBR has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, its oral bioavailability is extremely low. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as a cynosure to understand the mechanisms of action of herbal compounds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that,