Parkinson’s Disease and the Metal–Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis: A Systems Toxicology Approach
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, leading to motor and nonmotor complications. Autonomic alterations, including gastrointestinal symptoms, precede motordefects and act as early warning signs. Chronic exposure to dietary, environmental heavy metalsimpacts the gastrointestinal system and host-associated microbiome, eventually affecting the centralnervous system. The correlation between dysbiosis and PD suggests a functional and bidirectionalcommunication […]