Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is caused by dopaminergic neurons death and accompanied by
rigidity, and postural instability, as well as bradykinesia. The cause of these neurons’ death is still unclear. Since the
dopaminergic neurons couldn’t regenerate, therefore Parkinson’s disease couldn’t be cured. Thus, over the past
decades, significant effort has been made to explore the etiology of Parkinson’s disease development and
ascertainment. This review aimed to highlight the progress that has been made in understanding Parkinson’s disease
pathophysiology. The role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the development of PD has been
discussed. It has been noticed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are working together to develop
Parkinson’s disease, and each of these factors affects each other. Additionally, the experimental models and their
drawbacks have been emphasized. Additionally, the mechanism of inducing Parkinson’s disease (i.e., inducing
neuroinflammation and oxidative stress) by neurotoxin has been highlighted.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; epidemiology; pathophysiology; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation;
experimental models.