review

Modifying the Microbiome as a Potential Mechanism of Photobiomodulation: A Case Report

Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Photobiomodulation (PBM) /

Objective: The objective of this case study was to elucidate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the microbiome. Background: The gut microbiome has been identified as a key component of health, with gut dysbiosis, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and an altered microbial composition, being recognized as instrumental in many diseases and disorders. Previous research has suggested […]

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Complex Interaction between Resident Microbiota and Misfolded Proteins: Role in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

A-Synuclein, Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Oral Microbiome, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) are brain conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. These diseases are associated with the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ), alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and prion protein (PrP) depositions in the brain, respectively, which lead to synaptic disconnection and subsequent progressive neuronal death. Although

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From the intestinal mucosal barrier to the enteric neuromuscular compartment: An integrated overview on the morphological changes in Parkinson’s disease

Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Non-Motor Symptoms /

Gastrointestinal dysfunctions represent the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ofnote, changes in gut microbiota, impairments of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), bowel inflammation and neuroplastic rearrangements of the enteric nervous system (ENS) could be involved in the pathophysiology of theintestinal disturbances in PD. In this context, although several review articles have pooled together

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Potential Role of Akkermansia muciniphila in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Neurological/Autoimmune Diseases

Gut Microbiota, Metabolites, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotics /

The composition of the gut microbiota, including Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), is altered in many neurological diseases and may be involved in the pathophysiological processes of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A. muciniphila, a mucin-degrading bacterium, is a potential next-generation microbe that has anti-inflammatory properties and is responsible for keeping the body healthy. As the role of A. muciniphila in PD has

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Gut Microbiota-Brain Interaction with Special Reference to Alzheimer’s Disease

Butyrate, Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Gut-Brain axis, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Gut microbiota is showing and raising evidence that the dynamic changes in the gut microorganism can influence physiology and behavior of brain. Dysbiosis or dysbacteriosis is a condition of microbial imbalance inside the intestinal microbiome. It has been associated with disorders of intestinal and extra‐intestinal such as inflammatory bowel disease and other multiple diseases like

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The link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: A systematic mechanism review with focus on α-synuclein transport

A-Synuclein, ENS, Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Research has suggested a link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and an early involvement of gastrointestinal dysfunction has been reported in patients. A mechanism review was performed to investigate whether the neurodegenerative cascade begins in the gut; mediated by gut dysbiosis and retrograde transport of α-synuclein. This review provides a summary of

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What is leaky gut? Or… what? You can’t even eat HUMMUS?

Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Permeability / Leaky Gut, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

So what is intestinal permeability? Intestinal permeability (aka ‘leaky gut’) is the condition where the tight junctions on the lining of the intestine loosen, allowing undigested food particles, environmental toxins, foreign bacteria, and other normally restricted molecules to cross the gut barrier and migrate to other parts of the body. Normally, our intestines push molecules

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Attack of the Oligomers – Alpha-synuclein amyloid oligomers and their pathogenic roles

A-Synuclein, Parkinson's Disease /

In “Attack of the Oligomers,” we review how protein oligomersare the primary neurotoxic agents not just in Parkinson’s diseasebut also in Alzheimer’s (where they were discovered first) andother amyloid-related diseases. The oligomers wreak havocthroughout the cell, disrupting membranes and throwing proteinand ion homeostasis out of balance. However, the most criticaldamage in Parkinson’s disease seems to

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Nocturnal Teeth Grinding Linked With Incidence of Other Sleep-Related Disorders

iRBD, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

SB is more prevalent in patients with the previously mentioned disorders than in the general population. Sleep arousal may be a common factor with which all the identified disorders are associated, except RBD and Parkinson’s disease. The associations between SB and these identified sleep-related disorders call for more SB screening in patients with the above mentioned

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Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway as Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson’s Disease

Autophagy, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Cellular quality control systems have gained much attention in recent decades. Amongthese, autophagy is a natural self-preservation mechanism that continuously eliminates toxic cellularcomponents and acts as an anti-ageing process. It is vital for cell survival and to preserve homeostasis.Several cell-type-dependent canonical or non-canonical autophagy pathways have been reportedshowing varying degrees of selectivity with regard to

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