review

Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer’s disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) /

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most serious age-related neurodegenerative disease and causes destructive and irreversible cognitive decline. Failures in the development of therapeutics targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, principal proteins inducing pathology in AD, suggest a paradigm shift towards the development of new therapeutic targets. The gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are attractive new targets […]

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Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle

Autophagy, Gut Dysbiosis, Parkinson's Disease, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotics /

The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts

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Composition of intestinal flora affects the risk relationship between Alzheimer’s disease/Parkinson’s disease and cancer

Gut Microbiota, Gut Permeability / Leaky Gut, Hydrogen, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

An increasing number of epidemiological studies have shown that there is a significant inverse relationship between the onset of Alzheimer’s disease/Parkinson’s disease (AD/PD) and cancer, but the mechanism is still unclear. Considering that intestinal flora can connect them, we tried to explain this phenomenon from the intestinal flora. This review briefly introduced the relationship among AD/PD, cancer,

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Environmental factors in Parkinson’s disease: New insights into the molecular mechanisms

A-Synuclein, Enviromental /

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 2–3% of the population ≥65 years. It has long been characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychological and cognitive changes. The pathological hallmarks are intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein aggregates and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Parkinson’s disease is thought to be caused by a combination

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Plant derived bioactive compounds and their potential to enhance adult neurogenesis

Anti-oxidants, Herbs & Spices, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Self-renewal and proliferation of neural progenitor cells occur throughout humans’ lives. However, aging, stress, and degenerative diseases can hinder or stop the process. If you can accelerate neurogenesis in adults, this is a promising way to recover from neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. As the demand for a safer and natural therapeutic product has increased over

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Protein Aggregation in the ER: Calm behind the Storm

A-Synuclein /

As one of the largest organelles in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays avital role in the synthesis, folding, and assembly of secretory and membrane proteins. To maintainits homeostasis, the ER is equipped with an elaborate network of protein folding chaperones andmultiple quality control pathways whose cooperative actions safeguard the fidelity of protein biogenesis.

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Dual role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on host and pathogen

Butyrate, Gut Microbiota, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD, Short Chain Fatty Acids /

A growing body of documents shows microbiota produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence the host and bacterial pathogens. The production of SCFAs depends on the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora and is also affected by dietary changes. SCFAs play important roles in maintaining colonic health as

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Review of Metabolomics-Based Biomarker Research for Parkinson’s Disease

Biomarkers, Metabolites, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Parkinson’s disease (PD), as the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is seriously affecting the life quality of the elderly. However, there is still a lack of efficient medical methods to diagnosis PD before apparent symptoms occur. In recent years, clinical biomarkers including genetic, imaging, and tissue markers have exhibited remarkable benefits in assisting PD diagnoses.

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Orthostatic Hypotension: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Autonmic nervous system, Non-Motor Symptoms, Orthostatic Hypotension, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is a highly prevalent and disabling feature of autonomic failure due to both peripheral and central neurodegenerative diseases. Community-based epidemiological studies have demonstrated a high morbidity and mortality associated with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. It is due to impairment of baroreflex-mediated vasoconstriction of the skeletal muscle and splanchnic circulation and is caused by damage

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