review

Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Protein Misfolding and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Roads to Biomarker Discovery

A-Synuclein, Gut Dysbiosis, Mitochondria /

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease among olderadults. PD neuropathology is marked by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons of thesubstantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread accumulation of misfolded intracellularα-synuclein (α-syn). Genetic mutations and post-translational modifications, such as α-syn phosphorylation, have been identified among the multiple factors supporting α-syn accrual […]

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What Substance P might tell us about the Prognosis and Mechanism of Parkinson’s Disease?

A-Synuclein, Gut-Brain axis, Olfactory, Parkinson's Disease, Vagal Nerve /

The neuropeptide substance P (SP) plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, among which Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the present work we have reviewed the involvement of SP and its preferred receptor (NK1-R) in motor and non-motor PD symptoms, in both PD animal models and patients. Despite PD is primarily a motor disorder, non-motor abnormalities,

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Gut Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease

Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Gut Permeability / Leaky Gut, Gut-Brain axis, Parkinson's Disease /

The lack of an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stems primarily from incomplete understanding of AD’s causes. A rapidly growing number of scientific reports highlight important roles played by peripheral infections and intestinal bacterial flora in pathological and physiological functions involving the microbiome-intestine-brain axis. The microbiome controls basic aspects of the central nervous system

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The pathogenic mechanism of oral bacteria and treatment with inhibitors

Oral Microbiome, Parkinson's Disease, Periodontitis, Pre-PD /

Objectives: The objective of this study was to introduce the evidence obtained throughextensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases. Method: Analysis of some oral bacteria (P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, A.actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum) and its related treatments and mediatorsby the specific methods (western blot, ELISA, etc). Results: This article reviews

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Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca. Towards ethical and sustainable regulation

Ayahuasca, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

After decades of biomedical research on ayahuasca’s molecular compounds and theirphysiological effects, recent clinical trials show evidence of therapeutic potential for depression.However, indigenous peoples have been using ayahuasca therapeutically for a very longtime, and thus we question the epistemic authority attributed to scientific studies, proposing thatepistemic injustices were committed with practical, cultural, social and legal

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Mild Parkinsonian Signs: A Systematic Review of Clinical, Imaging, and Pathological Associations

Biomarkers, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

There are currently no consistent radiological findings for MPS, and pathological studies have shown that MPS, at least in the oldest old, are often underpinned by mixed neuropathologies, including those associated with Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, nigral neuronal loss, and Lewy bodies. Different subcategories of MPS appear to convey varying risk and specificity for PD

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Calcium channels and iron metabolism: A redox catastrophe in Parkinson’s disease and an innovative path to novel therapies?

Iron, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Autonomously spiking dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are exquisitely specialized and suffer toxic iron-loading in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism involved remains unclear and critical to decipher for designing new PD therapeutics. The long-lasting (L-type) CaV1.3 voltage-gated calcium channel is expressed at high levels amongst nigral neurons of the

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Parkinson’s disease outside the brain: targeting the autonomic nervous system

A-Synuclein, Parkinson's Disease /

Patients with Parkinson’s disease present with signs and symptoms of dysregulation of the peripheral autonomic nervous system that can even precede motor deficits. This dysregulation might reflect early pathology and therefore could be targeted for the development of prodromal or diagnostic biomarkers. Only a few objective clinical tests assess disease progression and are used to

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Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle

Gut Dysbiosis /

The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an

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