review

Neuronal Autophagy: Characteristic Features and Roles in Neuronal Pathophysiology

Autophagy, Parkinson's Disease /

Autophagy is an important degradative pathway that eliminates misfolded proteins and damaged organelles from cells. Autophagy is crucial for neuronal homeostasis and function. A lack of or deficiency in autophagy leads to the accumulation of protein aggregates, which are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Compared with non-neuronal cells, neurons exhibit rapid autophagic flux because damaged […]

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The α-Synuclein Origin and Connectome Model (SOC Model) of Parkinson’s Disease: Explaining Motor Asymmetry, Non-Motor Phenotypes, and Cognitive Decline

A-Synuclein, Gut-Brain axis, Parkinson's Disease /

Consequently, the initial α-synuclein pathology inside the CNS is more symmetric, which promotes more symmetric propagation in the brainstem, leading to more symmetric dopaminergic degeneration and less motor asymmetry. At diagnosis, body-first patients already have a larger, more symmetric burden of α-synuclein pathology, which in turn promotes faster disease progression and accelerated cognitive decline. The

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Elucidating the Multi‐Targeted Role of Nutraceuticals: A Complementary Therapy to Starve Neurodegenerative Diseases

Vitamins / Supplements / Nutraceuticals /

The current review summarizes the popular nutraceuticals showing different effects (anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro‐protectant, mitochondrial homeostasis, neurogenesis promotion,and autophagy regulation) on vital molecular mechanisms involved in NDs, which can beconsidered as complementary therapy to first‐line treatment. Moreover, owing to its natural source, lower toxicity, therapeutic interventions, biocompatibility, potential nutritional effects, and presence of various anti‐oxidative and

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Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and the Gut-Microbiota Brain Axis: Emerging Roles in Communication and Potential as Therapeutics

Gut-Brain axis, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotics /

Thus, BEVs may be both a cause of and solution to neuropathological conditions. In this review, current knowledge of the physiological roles of BEVs as well as state of the art pertaining to the development of therapeutic BEVs in the context of the microbiome-gut-brain axis are summarized. CLICK TO REVIEW

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Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gut Dysbiosis, Parkinson's Disease, Pre-PD /

Our meta-analysis identified a strong association between SIBO and PD with approximately half of PD patients testing positive for SIBO. These relationships were significantly different according to type of diagnostic test and geographic area. Therefore, we must pay close attention to enteric microorganisms to prevent nervous system diseases. CLICK TO REVIEW

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The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights andtherapeutic options

A-Synuclein, Biomarkers, Fecal Transplants (FMT), Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Gut-Brain axis, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotics /

We highlight recent discoveries and alterations of the gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease, and highlight current mechanistic insights on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in disease pathophysiology. We discuss the interactions between production and transmission of α-synuclein and gut inflammation and neuroinflammation. In addition, we also draw attention to diet modification, use of probiotics and prebiotics and

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Synucleinopathy-associated pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease and the potential for brain-derived neurotrophic factor

A-Synuclein /

Within this review, we will present a comprehensive overview of the data linking synuclein-associated Lewy pathology with intracellular dysfunction. We first present the alterations in neuronal proteins and transcriptome associated with LBs in postmortem human PD tissue. We next compare these findings to those associated with LB-like inclusions initiated by in vitro exposure to α-syn

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Control of lymphocyte functions by gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids

Diet and Exercise, Gut Microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acids /

This review specifically highlights the regulatory functions of DF and SCFAs in the immune system with a focus on major innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Current information regarding how SCFAs regulate innate lymphoid cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells and how these functions impact immunity, inflammation, and allergic responses are discussed. CLICK

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Dietary restrictions modulate the gut microbiota: Implications for health and disease

Diet and Exercise, Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiota, Gut Permeability / Leaky Gut, Short Chain Fatty Acids /

The data suggest that changing the gut microbiota composition by dietary restriction has the potential to positively influence the progression of several diseases such as obesity, diabetes, neurological diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, the relevance of the findings for clinical practice is evaluated and approaches for future research are proposed. CLICK TO REVIEW

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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease

A-Synuclein /

The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of

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