The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through
opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be
recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the
brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the
maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic
dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided
insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and
the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting
complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge
gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review
summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system
in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement
strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions. CLICK TO REVIEW
Keywords: complement; astrocytes; microglia; neurons; neurodevelopment; neurodegeneration;
neuroinflammation